See also: Bashkortostan (historical)
The first mention of the area in the form of Bashgurd in the work of Fazlallah Rashid al-din "Oguz-name" dated to the 8th century[27]. The names Bashgirdy, Bashgird, Baskardia, Bashgirdia and others were known in Arabic-Persian sources of the Middle Ages[28]. The Bashkir country, its people and customs were reported in the 9th—13th centuries by the Arab geographers Ahmed Ibn Fadlan and al-Balkhi, the Italian monk Plano Carpini and the Dutchman Guillaume de Rubruck. The name of the Bashkort people is first found in the description of Sallam Tarjeman (the first half of the 9th century). In the 12th century, the Arab geographer Idrisi wrote about two Bashkir regions "inner and outer" and mentioned the Bashkir cities of Nemzhan, Gurkhan, Karakiya, Kasra and Masra[35]. In the Russian chronicles, the first mention of the Bashkir land dates back to 1469. In the X—XIII centuries, the western part of the Bashkirs was part of the Volga Bulgaria. From 1220 to 1234, the Bashkirs fought with the Mongols, effectively restraining the onslaught of the Mongol invasion of the west. The Mongol-Bashkir war lasted 14 years. In the "Secret Legend of the Mongols", the Bashkirs are listed among the peoples who resisted the Mongols the most[36]. In the 13th—14th centuries, the entire territory of the Bashkir settlement was part of the Golden Horde. Bashkirs receive the right of citizenship (labels), that is, in fact, territorial autonomy within the Mongol empire. Bashkirs occupied a privileged position in the legal hierarchy of the Mongolian state[37]. After the collapse of the Golden Horde, most of Bashkiria was a special viceroyalty of the Nogai Horde[38], the territory of the eastern Bashkirs was part of the Siberian Khanate, and the lands of the western Bashkirs were part of the Kazan Khanate[29]. XVI—XIX centuries Monument of Friendship in Ufa in honor of the 400th anniversary of Bashkiria's entry into Russia . See also: Bashkortostan's accession to Russia and the Bashkir Uprisings In 1557, the process of Bashkortostan's annexation to the Russian state began. The accession was not entirely voluntary: it was both voluntary and forced. The American historian Alton Stewart Donnelly noted that Bashkortostan became part of Russia only in 1740. Russian historian Vadim Trepalov believes that the Bashkir feudal lords did not want to lose their independence and perceived their own position as a free vassal, while Soviet historian Pyotr Ishcherikov believed that the Bashkirs' voluntary citizenship was just a fairy tale. Kazakh Khan Kayip Khan wrote in a letter to the Ottoman Sultan that Russia had conquered the Bashkirs, taking advantage of their difficult situation. Bashkir shezhers reflect the nature of contractual relations with the tsarist government, certain conditions of entry and their unilateral immutability. Bashkirs had the full right to control their territory, have their own army, administration, and practice Islam. Bashkortostan joined Russia shortly after the capture of Kazan.[25][25][39][40]. Until about the middle to the end of the 17th century, Bashkortostan's presence in Russia was nominal, since Bashkortostan had not been integrated into the institutions of Russian statehood for a long time[41]. The Zakamsky defensive line, erected in the middle of the 17th century, actually represented the border between Bashkortostan and Russia[41]. Thus, Bashkortostan was isolated not only administratively, but also geographically. It was only in the second half of the 17th century that Russia began to interfere in the internal life of the Bashkirs, violating contractual terms, which led to the first uprisings of 1662-1664 and 1681-1684[41]. The exclusivity of relations between the Bashkirs and Russia is reflected in the "Cathedral Code" of 1649, where the boyars, on pain of confiscation of property, were forbidden to seize land from the Bashkirs in any way. Bashkirs also had the right to extract salt. Somewhat later, the tsarist authorities violated some of the terms of the treaties (seizure of patrimonial lands, increased taxes, destruction of self-government, forced Christianization, etc.), which repeatedly led to the emergence of Bashkir uprisings. From the second half of the 16th century to the beginning of the 19th century, the Bashkirs occupied a vast territory from the left bank of the Volga in the southwest to the upper reaches of the Tobol in the east, from the Sylva River in the north, including the entire left bank of the Volga, to the middle reaches of the Yaik (Urals) in the south, that is, they were in the Middle and Southern Urals, in the Urals, and also in the Volga region and the Trans-Urals. In the XVI—XVII centuries, in Russian sources, the territory of Bashkir residence was designated as Ufa district or Bashkiria[29]. Initially, the name was used in the form Bashkir, Bashkirdia, Bashkir province. In 1708, the region was included in the Kazan province as Ufa voivodeship[42], which since 1719 was renamed Ufa province. In 1774, the Ufa province became part of the established Orenburg province. In 1735, a series of new Bashkir uprisings broke out in Bashkortostan, caused by the creation of the Orenburg expedition. The uprisings of 1735-1740 became the largest Bashkir uprisings, which were eventually suppressed by the Russian army. Over 40,000 (according to other sources, 60,000) ethnic Bashkirs were killed, executed or sent to hard labor during the uprising. Many Bashkirs, fleeing from repression, fled to the Kazakhs and Kalmyks. Many Bashkir ancestral lands were taken away and transferred to the serving Mescheryaks. According to the calculations of the American historian A. S. Donnelly, every fourth Bashkir died.[43][44][45][46][47][48].In 1773, the Bashkirs took part in the Pugachev uprising, taking the side of the rebels. Salavat Yulaev stood out among the Bashkir rebels, who refused to surrender and was subsequently captured and sent into exile. He took an active part in the uprising and became a Bashkir national hero.
By decree of April 10 (21), 1798, the Bashkir population of the region was transferred to the military service class (Bashkir army) and obliged to carry out border service on the eastern borders of Russia[49]. With the annexation of the Kazakh lands to Russia in 1731, the territory of historical Bashkiria became one of the many internal regions of the empire, and the need to involve Bashkirs in the border guard service disappeared.
In 1865, Ufa province was formed by dividing Orenburg province into Ufa and Orenburg provinces, which consisted of Ufa, Belebeevsky, Birsky, Zlatoust, Menzelinsky and Sterlitamak counties.
Bashkir mounted regiments fought in the ranks of the Russian Army as part of the militia of Minin and Pozharsky, took part in the liberation of Moscow from the troops of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1612, their role in the Patriotic War of 1812 was noticeable.
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