Bashkurdistan (Little Bashkiria)
See also: Bashkurdistan Akhmet-Zaki Validi, one of the founders of the Bashkir Republic The borders of Bashkortostan proposed by Akhmet-Zaki Validi After the October Revolution in Russia, on November 28 (November 15, old style), 1917, the Bashkir central shuro proclaimed, and the founding kurultai approved the creation of Bashkurdistan, the national-territorial autonomy of Bashkirs, which became the Bashkir Republic and the first national-territorial autonomy in Russia. The relevant decision was published the next day. The constituent Kurultai approved two projects for the territorial delimitation of the republic: "Little Bashkiria" (bash. Balakay Bashkortostan) and "Big Bashkiria" (bash. The Republic of Bashkortostan). The founder of the republic, Ahmet-Zaki Walidi, proposed a third project providing for the largest territorial delimitation. The events of the Civil War caused only the first project to be implemented.[50][51][52][53][54][55]. In January 1918, the provision on the autonomy of Little Bashkiria was adopted, which became the first Bashkir constitution. The provision defined Bashkortostan as a country that is part of Russia. Bashkir was recognized as the official language, and Russian was recognized in relations with the Russian government and with other autonomous regions. Administratively, Bashkortostan was divided into cantons. The blue-green-white flag was recognized as the official flag. There was also a coat of arms, a large seal and a military banner[56]. Bashkir Soviet Republic See also: Bashkir Soviet Republic The coin of the Bank of Russia, the 100th anniversary of the formation of the Republic of Bashkortostan. 3 rubles, silver, reverse, proof Initially, the Bashkir government collaborated with the anti-Bolshevik forces of KomUCh and the Ufa government, but after Admiral Kolchak came to power, who did not recognize the Bashkir right to autonomy, the Bashkir government sided with the Reds[57]. On March 20, 1919, the "Agreement of the central Soviet Government with the Bashkir Government on the Soviet Autonomous Bashkiria" was signed in Moscow. By signing this document, Soviet Russia recognized the first national-territorial autonomy in its composition, which had existed since 1917[58][59]. In accordance with the agreement, the Autonomous Bashkir Soviet Republic was formed. The term "Little Bashkiria" was further applied to the ABSR. On March 23, 1919, the text of the agreement was published in the All-Russian Central Executive Committee newspaper Izvestia. This day is considered the official date of the formation of the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic[60][61]. On August 12, 1920, the Decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee "On the incorporation of the city of Sterlitamak, Ufa Province, into the territory of the Bashkir Republic" was signed[62]. On May 19, 1920, the decree of the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR "On the relations of the Autonomous Soviet Bashkir Republic to the Russian Soviet Republic" was adopted, in which the Bashkir Republic was practically deprived of political and economic rights, which were guaranteed by a previously signed bilateral agreement. Attempts were made to protest this decision, in particular, the Burzyan-Tangaurov uprising was raised. Akhmet-Zaki Walidi, who later met with Lenin to discuss the issue, was outraged by this decree. Subsequently, Validi recalled that Lenin called the agreement between the Soviet government and the Bashkir Republic a "piece of paper" that "does not bind to anything"[63]. After these events, Validi and his supporters joined the Basmachi in Central Asia, and after their defeat emigrated to Turkey. Bashkir ASSR See also: Bashkir ASSR Map of the Bashkir ASSR in 1925 According to the decree of June 14, 1922, Ufa province was annexed to the Bashkir Republic by the decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee "On expanding the borders of the Autonomous Bashkir Socialist Soviet Republic." "Little Bashkiria" was expanded to the limits of "Big Bashkiria", which united up to 87% of Bashkirs and separated most of the Tatars from the Tatar ASSR. Ufa city becomes the official capital of the republic. The term "Greater Bashkiria" was used until the abolition of the canton-volost division in 1930. In 1921-1923, a massive famine began in Bashkortostan, which later became known as the Great famine. The causes of the famine were the overspill and rampage of the food detachments, which siphoned off all food resources from Bashkortostan, especially from areas with a predominantly Bashkir population, declared "counterrevolutionary" by the Soviet government. The subsequent suppression of the peasant insurgency was accompanied by widespread terror, looting, and seizure of property and food from the Bashkir population. In addition, a drought broke out in 1921. Despite the drought, 685.3 thousand poods of bread were exported from Ufa province by rail alone in the same year, and in 1922 over 1.5 million poods of bread and the same amount by water. The historical assessment of those events can be considered as a specially organized character of the Holodomor, genocide[24][64]. The Mission of the American Relief Administration in Bashkortostan provided significant assistance in overcoming hunger.[24][65][66].On March 27, 1925, the draft Constitution (basic law) of the Republic was adopted. On June 23, 1937, in accordance with the new Constitutions of the USSR (1936) and the RSFSR (1937), the Constitution of the BASSR of 1937, and on May 30, 1978, the Constitution of the BASSR of 1978.
In 1937, a campaign of political repression began in Bashkortostan. A major case was fabricated against an alleged nationalist rebel organization, which was allegedly headed by the republic's leadership. In September of the same year, the Soviet newspaper Pravda published an article entitled "A bunch of bourgeois nationalists in Bashkiria," which stated that the entire Bashkir nomenclature consisted of "bourgeois nationalists," "Validovites." At the same time, the newspaper Izvestia published an article entitled "Bashkir bourgeois nationalists and their defenders." In October of the same year, Andrei Zhdanov, secretary of the Soviet Communist Party, came to Bashkortostan, who called for "the defeat of nationalists and the Trotskyist-Bukharin bloc, the elimination of spies and saboteurs," and accused the leadership of the regional committee of the republic of not fighting the enemies of the people and "protecting" them. As a result, in February 1938, the head of Bashkortostan, Yakov Bykin, was shot, NKVD drug addict Solomon Bak was removed from office, and Alexander Medvedev took his place, launching a campaign of mass political repression in Bashkortostan. From 1937 to 1938, the head of the Bashkir executive committee Afzal Tagirov and secretary Haris Kalmetyev, Chairman of the Bashkir Council of People's Commissars Zinatulla Bulashev, secretary of the regional party committee Akhmet Isanchurin, chairman of the State Planning Committee Shagiakhmet Dautov, military commissar and famous military figure Musa Murtazin, People's Commissar of Education Ibrahim Abyzbayev and a number of other state and public figures were repressed[67][68][69].
During the Great Patriotic War, more than 100 industrial enterprises, dozens of hospitals, a number of central government agencies, and 278,000 refugees were evacuated to the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic[70]. During the war years, a large number of military units were trained in the republic. Oil production, explored in the republic before the war, played an important role for industry and the army. Residents of the republic provided significant financial assistance to the Red Army, collecting tens of millions of rubles for the construction of airplanes and tanks. 280 residents of the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.
Postage stamp dedicated to the 50th anniversary of the Bashkir ASSR
In the post-war period, new cities (Salavat, Kumertau) emerged in the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic as centers for the development of petrochemicals, mechanical engineering, and aviation. New railways and highways were created. In the 1960s and 1980s, industry, agriculture, and construction developed rapidly in the Bashkir ASSR. In 1980, Ufa's population exceeded one million people.
Republic of Bashkortostan
On October 11, 1990, the Supreme Council of the Republic proclaimed the Declaration of State Sovereignty[71][72]. According to the declaration, the republic was transformed into the Bashkir SSR — Bashkortostan, and on February 25, 1992, it was renamed the Republic of Bashkortostan.
On March 31, 1992, Bashkortostan signed the Federal Treaty on the Delimitation of Powers and Subjects of Jurisdiction between the State Authorities of the Russian Federation and the Authorities of the Sovereign Republics within it and the Annex to it from the Republic of Bashkortostan, which determined the contractual nature of relations between the Republic of Bashkortostan and the Russian Federation.
On December 24, 1993, the Constitution of the Republic of Bashkortostan was adopted, which confirmed the post of President of the Republic (since 2015 — the Head of the Republic of Bashkortostan).
No comments:
Post a Comment